Car electric system spare parts

Electric system – comprehensive guide to spare parts, operation, fitting, troubleshooting, and upkeep

Car electrical parts are a set of units which store and produce electricity and also consume it to perform various tasks. Most systems in a modern vehicle have devices powered by electricity.

Design of a car electrical system

The key components of car electrics are:

• Battery – this is an electrochemical device which can receive, accumulate and release a charge. It supplies power to the starter. It also serves as the auxiliary power source for the vehicle mains when the engine isn’t running.
• Starter motor – this is a direct current motor which converts electrical energy into mechanical. It is used for initial engine cranking. It switches off as soon as the internal combustion engine starts running under its own power.
• Alternator – this converts the mechanical energy of the rotating crankshaft into electrical. This device powers all electrical consumers when the engine is running and charges the battery as well.
• Ignition switch – with this, the driver initiates the power supply to the ignition system, starter motor, fuel pump, instrument panel, and other equipment.
• Wiring – this transfers electricity from one device to another.
• Relays – these are switching units which open and close the electrical circuits they are connected to.
• Fuses – these are devices designed to protect various car electrical parts from voltage spikes. When allowable values are exceeded, the fuses blow and open the circuits.
• Other energy-consuming devices – these include lights, electric window regulators, windscreen wipers, heated seats, various sensors, and other devices powered by electricity.

Maintenance advice

• Keep your engine compartment clean. Dirt and moisture have a detrimental effect on electrical contacts.
• You should always make sure that all connectors are secure. Poor contact may melt or burn the connectors.
• During any car repairs, be sure to disconnect the negative battery terminal. At the same time, if needed, you can remove oxidation and dirt from contacts and terminals.
• Avoid over-discharging your battery. This may lead to battery cell sulfation.
• When you install a new fuse, always make sure that it corresponds to the vehicle specifications, or else the whole circuit may get burnt.
• Don’t crank the engine with the starter for too long. You should take a break after several unsuccessful attempts.
• Replace the alternator drive belt in due time. Always make sure that it is properly tensioned.

Symptoms of malfunction

Malfunctions in car electrics often result in problems starting the engine. They might be caused by poor contact in the ignition switch or battery terminals, or faulty starter components. In some cases, the engine won’t start at all. Sometimes, the battery doesn’t charge properly during driving or, conversely, gets overcharged. These are symptoms of a failing alternator voltage regulator. Poor spark plug performance, headlight dimming while driving or the audio system switching off on its own indicate a faulty diode bridge. In some cases, the starter won’t stop working even when the engine is running. This symptom indicates a bad starter solenoid or overrunning clutch. If wires or connectors melt due to a bad contact, you may smell burning inside the car.

Causes of malfunction

Many malfunctions of electrics in a vehicle are caused by natural wear and tear of particular assemblies. For example, alternator brushes wear out over time and have to be replaced, as does the drive belt. Sometimes device malfunctions are connected with the misuse or neglect of certain assemblies. For example, constant exposure to freezing cold will deteriorate your battery very quickly. You also shouldn’t overload the starter.

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